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Example of Dror's quantitative approach: Recent decision of GOI to cut down the CSS (Central Social Schemes) and devolution of more power to state, is rejection of earlier decision of One Fit Policy for All and thus adopting an alternative approach.
Q. Critically examine the Riggsian concept of differentiation in context of post-globalisation era.
Riggsian work gave emphasis on the need of studying comparative public administration and considering ecological aspect, which had lasting influence of administration of developing countries.
He gave a three stage society mode based on the differentiation –
Earlier riggsian represented the fused society with underdeveloped countries, prismatic society with developing countries and diffracted with developed countries
But in the post globalization era, the problems like terrorism, environment, gender inequality, economic crisis etc. indicated that there is no fully developed nation, develop nation too have problem and character of prismatic society. Thus prismatic cannot be considered synonyms for transition or developing. It is believed that all are developing and some may have developed more than other.
Thus later Riggian added the concept of integration – a. participation – willingness and ability b. penetration – administrative structure and administrative behaviour to further classify the prismatic society and diffracted society based on their integration into eco, ortho and neo forms.
10. According to McGregor, “True professional help is not in playing God with the client, but in placing professional knowledge and skills at the client’s disposal” In the light of the above, justify how the theory Y is indicative and not prescriptive.
A true professional help is not one which make one believe that he/she is superior or mightier than his client and treat client as subordinate and inferior class, and thus what they do or say are the only possible way of doing and nothing against it could be possible. For example during colonial time in India the District Administrative Officer were used to believe that they are Mai-Baap (God or elite class) in district.
A True professional help is one which is involve the use of professional knowledge and skill for the benefit of client, which could serve the problems of needy, develop a health relation with client and does not give the impression that one is superior due to his help or skills.
The McGregor theory Y emphasis on the acceptance of responsibly, commitment towards goals, effective participation and cordial relation building. Thus the theory Y is flexible enough to accommodate the all possible alternative suggestion information though cooperation and engagement and use the professional knowledge is best possible way to make the professional help more efficient and effective for client purpose. Thus Theory Y is more of indicative and not prescriptive.
One thing I want to ask here, while writing answers in Pub Ad can we describe a situation with current examples ? Such as McGregor's idea of "Working Through Differences" can be exemplified as Modi govt's decision to discuss the land bill with various stakeholders of the particular issue.
Q. What are the implications of the post structuralist perspective on the discrete aspects of public administration, coming from its epistemological position ? Ans. Post structuralist objects the structuralist idea that in principle the world is completely comprehensible through analysis of system and structure. According to structuralist underlying all phenomena are deep structure that shape phenomena. And to understand this phenomena it is necessary to understand these structures. Structuralist breaks the situation in different parts like public administration, economics, social etc. And according to them these structures have their own grammar(logic) which is different from others. Post structuralist do not believe in different grammar for different structures. They want to understand the situation ‘as it is’. Post structuralism brought concepts line unknowingness, human aspect,luck etc in different disciplines. But the effect of post structuralism in public administration is very small.
Use simple language so that it requires minimal effort to understand.
U need to mention about Behavioralism, HRT, NPA, NPM, NPS etc. Where are they ?
One thing I want to ask here, while writing answers in Pub Ad can we describe a situation with current examples ? Such as McGregor's idea of "Working Through Differences" can be exemplified as Modi govt's decision to discuss the land bill with various stakeholders of the particular issue.
Use current examples but try to avoid political examples
Q. Ethics in public services has been the central concern of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Critically examine the statement Ans. Ethics can be defined as set of moral principles that governs a person behaviour. Any state of Mauryan Empire size cannot be governed without ethics in different areas like polity, economics, international relations, public services etc. The central concern of Kautilya’s Arthashastra was ‘State’, ‘power’ and ‘King’. But he gave due emphasis on ethics in public service also. 1. Kautilya defined King as constitutional slave. He is bounded by duties towards his people. 2. Administration was guided by well defined rules and regulations. 3. Punishments for corrupt officials were defined. 4. At the time of war, damages done to agricultural fields were compensated. 5. Regulation of health services. 6. 40 kinds of financial frauds were defined in Arthashastra. 7. Justice was given due importance in administration. But there were many practices which cannot be considered as ethical in present times. Ashoka also rejected many of his ideas as he considered them as inhumane and unethical. 1. He treated women as means of diplomacy and attaining power. 2. He had strong faith in caste system an discriminated different castes. 3. Punishments for different castes were different. 4. Punishment can be escaped by giving fines. Arthashastra central concern may not be ethics but according to him the happiness of the king lies in the happiness of the people. The state defined by him may not be a welfare state in present sense but was ahead of his time in welfare approach.
Q. Discuss the valuable premise of constitutionalism in India which the bureaucracy cannot violate. Ans. Constitutionalism is the arrangement by which arbitrary power of the state is constrained. According to A G Andrews this can be done in two ways: 1. Power proscribed 2. Procedure prescribed Constitutionalism implies a division of power, acceptance of plurality of interest in society, minimum constrains on individual rights etc. Bureaucracy is an instrument by which a democratic government exercises its power. But there are many chances that bureaucracy can become institution in itself. So to control arbitrary power of bureaucracy, we have 1. Rule of law: - Bureaucracy works according to laws. There are various laws like CrPC, CPC, Companies act, etc. These laws are such defined to minimize arbitrary power of bureaucracy. 2. Constitutional values: - Bureaucracy has to uphold the constitutional values like equality, secularism, democracy, justice, liberty etc. These values can never be violated by bureaucracy. 3. Political accountability: - In democracy the elected representative is the real master and he is accountable to the people. Bureaucracy is accountable to its political master and had to work under his guidance. Indian democracy has matured enough in last six decades. Now it has well grievance redressal mechanism, pro-active media and active civil society. Administrative setup like citizen’s charter and RTI has also helped in bringing constitutionalism.
Q. Despite the adoption of decentralised planning, participatory initiatives remain marginalised and divisive in many regions. Discuss Ans. Till 1980’s India was following centralized planning as the capacity at lower level was not developed. Then slowly India started moving towards indicative and decentralized planning. Today structurally India has decentralized and participatory planning mechanism. 1. Articles 73rd and 74th have given constitutional status to local self governance. 2. Presence of Panchayati raj ministry at central level. 3. Presence of District planning committee and metropolitan planning committee. 4. Allocation of 29 subjects under art 73 and 18 subjects under art 74 to local government. 5. Bottom-up approach at the time of planning. 6. Draft of FYP is kept on public forum for discussion. But still planning is India is not decentralized in practice. There are many reasons for that:- 1. People at lower level are still not capable of planning. 2. Participation of people is constrained because of many social, political and traditional reasons. 3. Proposals from lower levels are normally rejected by authorities at higher levels 4. Absence of funds at lower level. 5. Absence of experts at lower level. So adopt decentralized planning in real sense second ARC has recommended:- 1. To adopt activity mapping. 2. To have panchayati raj expenditure as a line in state budget. 3. Transfer of maximum subjects under local government which can be taken care by them. 4. Giving more developmental work to zila parishad. 5. Better coordination between zila parishad and parastatal bodies. India is structurally biggest democratic country but to become the biggest successful democracy decentralized planning is a necessity.
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Comments
Example of Dror's quantitative approach: Recent decision of GOI to cut down the CSS (Central Social Schemes) and devolution of more power to state, is rejection of earlier decision of One Fit Policy for All and thus adopting an alternative approach.
He gave a three stage society mode based on the differentiation –
(Society - Stage - Feature)
Fused - Undifferentiated - Ascriptive Value, Function Diffusion, Particularism
Prismatic - Semi-differentiated - Attainment, Poly functional, selectivism
Diffracted - Differentiated - Achievement, functional specificity, universalism
Earlier riggsian represented the fused society with underdeveloped countries, prismatic society with developing countries and diffracted with developed countries
But in the post globalization era, the problems like terrorism, environment, gender inequality, economic crisis etc. indicated that there is no fully developed nation, develop nation too have problem and character of prismatic society. Thus prismatic cannot be considered synonyms for transition or developing. It is believed that all are developing and some may have developed more than other.
Thus later Riggian added the concept of integration –
a. participation – willingness and ability
b. penetration – administrative structure and administrative behaviour
to further classify the prismatic society and diffracted society based on their integration into eco, ortho and neo forms.
A true professional help is not one which make one believe that he/she is superior or mightier than his client and treat client as subordinate and inferior class, and thus what they do or say are the only possible way of doing and nothing against it could be possible. For example during colonial time in India the District Administrative Officer were used to believe that they are Mai-Baap (God or elite class) in district.
A True professional help is one which is involve the use of professional knowledge and skill for the benefit of client, which could serve the problems of needy, develop a health relation with client and does not give the impression that one is superior due to his help or skills.
The McGregor theory Y emphasis on the acceptance of responsibly, commitment towards goals, effective participation and cordial relation building. Thus the theory Y is flexible enough to accommodate the all possible alternative suggestion information though cooperation and engagement and use the professional knowledge is best possible way to make the professional help more efficient and effective for client purpose. Thus Theory Y is more of indicative and not prescriptive.
while writing answers in Pub Ad can we describe a situation with current examples ?
Such as McGregor's idea of "Working Through Differences" can be exemplified as Modi govt's decision to discuss the land bill with various stakeholders of the particular issue.
U need to mention about Behavioralism, HRT, NPA, NPM, NPS etc. Where are they ?
Ans. Ethics can be defined as set of moral principles that governs a person behaviour. Any state of Mauryan Empire size cannot be governed without ethics in different areas like polity, economics, international relations, public services etc.
The central concern of Kautilya’s Arthashastra was ‘State’, ‘power’ and ‘King’. But he gave due emphasis on ethics in public service also.
1. Kautilya defined King as constitutional slave. He is bounded by duties towards his people.
2. Administration was guided by well defined rules and regulations.
3. Punishments for corrupt officials were defined.
4. At the time of war, damages done to agricultural fields were compensated.
5. Regulation of health services.
6. 40 kinds of financial frauds were defined in Arthashastra.
7. Justice was given due importance in administration.
But there were many practices which cannot be considered as ethical in present times. Ashoka also rejected many of his ideas as he considered them as inhumane and unethical.
1. He treated women as means of diplomacy and attaining power.
2. He had strong faith in caste system an discriminated different castes.
3. Punishments for different castes were different.
4. Punishment can be escaped by giving fines.
Arthashastra central concern may not be ethics but according to him the happiness of the king lies in the happiness of the people. The state defined by him may not be a welfare state in present sense but was ahead of his time in welfare approach.
Ans. Constitutionalism is the arrangement by which arbitrary power of the state is constrained. According to A G Andrews this can be done in two ways:
1. Power proscribed
2. Procedure prescribed
Constitutionalism implies a division of power, acceptance of plurality of interest in society, minimum constrains on individual rights etc. Bureaucracy is an instrument by which a democratic government exercises its power. But there are many chances that bureaucracy can become institution in itself. So to control arbitrary power of bureaucracy, we have
1. Rule of law: - Bureaucracy works according to laws. There are various laws like CrPC, CPC, Companies act, etc. These laws are such defined to minimize arbitrary power of bureaucracy.
2. Constitutional values: - Bureaucracy has to uphold the constitutional values like equality, secularism, democracy, justice, liberty etc. These values can never be violated by bureaucracy.
3. Political accountability: - In democracy the elected representative is the real master and he is accountable to the people. Bureaucracy is accountable to its political master and had to work under his guidance.
Indian democracy has matured enough in last six decades. Now it has well grievance redressal mechanism, pro-active media and active civil society. Administrative setup like citizen’s charter and RTI has also helped in bringing constitutionalism.
Ans. Till 1980’s India was following centralized planning as the capacity at lower level was not developed. Then slowly India started moving towards indicative and decentralized planning. Today structurally India has decentralized and participatory planning mechanism.
1. Articles 73rd and 74th have given constitutional status to local self governance.
2. Presence of Panchayati raj ministry at central level.
3. Presence of District planning committee and metropolitan planning committee.
4. Allocation of 29 subjects under art 73 and 18 subjects under art 74 to local government.
5. Bottom-up approach at the time of planning.
6. Draft of FYP is kept on public forum for discussion.
But still planning is India is not decentralized in practice. There are many reasons for that:-
1. People at lower level are still not capable of planning.
2. Participation of people is constrained because of many social, political and traditional reasons.
3. Proposals from lower levels are normally rejected by authorities at higher levels
4. Absence of funds at lower level.
5. Absence of experts at lower level.
So adopt decentralized planning in real sense second ARC has recommended:-
1. To adopt activity mapping.
2. To have panchayati raj expenditure as a line in state budget.
3. Transfer of maximum subjects under local government which can be taken care by them.
4. Giving more developmental work to zila parishad.
5. Better coordination between zila parishad and parastatal bodies.
India is structurally biggest democratic country but to become the biggest successful democracy decentralized planning is a necessity.