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8. what are the two basic types of nuclear fusion reactor? 9. what is laser and its use in nuclear fusion? 10. what is plasma and its use in nuclear fusion? 11. what is cold fusion? 12. what are the three stages of india's nuclear power programme?
I think India cannot do without Nuclear energy.. As per reports, India would need to add around 10 lakh MW in the next 30 years.. Where will it come from? Coal is limited and environmentally disastrous.. Renewable energy like Wind, Water and solar taken together do not account for more than 2 lakh MW.. The only option then is nuclear in future.. Also, now supply of uranium fuel is not an issue after the nuclear deal... As for Japan and Germany, they can afford to do away with nuclear energy as their future power needs are lesser.. But eventually they also would not have any alternative option.. Any more views on this?
All basics about THERMAL POWER PLANT / COAL BASED POWER PLANT ... read this page on below link ... I will try to put que. on it after thorough reading...
also renewable based power plant requires huge land while same is not case for nuclear power plant. so, we have to optimise diverse energy basket.
mostly its solar which takes huge land...others don't take much land..
ps: not mechanical engrr, but electrical ,where we too have a course on power plants and have job experience related to power plants. so its impt. for me also.
btw no one explained supercritical boilers till now ..sob sob,
The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.The term "supercritical" refers to main steam operating conditions, being above the critical pressure of water (221.5 bar).
As i recall it is used for making turbine blades corrosion and erosion free.
@aamengineer Although @Accelarator has put forth a nice explanation of supercritical boilers, however, let us look at the concept in detail.
To increase the efficiency of steam power plants the basic method is to improve the thermal efficiency by increasing the operating pressure. To understand what a Supercritical power plant is you have to understand the basics of steam generation.
What happens when you heat water at normal atmospheric pressure?
There are three stages.
As you go on heating the water, the temperature of water increases till it reaches 100 deg C. This is the Sensible Heat addition.
Further heating does not increase the temperature; instead small bubbles of steam start to form. The temperature remains constant at 100 deg C till all the water becomes steam. The water absorbs the heat without temperature change for conversion to steam. At atmospheric pressure the Latent Heat of vapourisation is 2256 kJ/kg. Further heating called superheating will increase the temperature of the steam. How high one can go depends on the withstanding capacity of the vessel. What happens when the water is at a higher pressure, say, at 100 bar? Then the boiling takes place at 311 deg C and the latent heat of vaporisation is 1318 kJ/kg.
If the water pressure is 200 bar then the boiling takes place at 366 deg C and the latent heat of vaporisation is 584 kJ/kg.
As the pressure increases the boiling temperature increases and the latent heat of vaporisation decreases.
A further increase in pressure and temperature leads us to a point at which the latent heat of vaporisation is zero, or there is no boiling. Water directly becomes steam. This is the Critical Pressure and the Critical Temperature. For steam this occurs at 374 deg C and 220.6 bar.
Conventional steam power plants operate at a steam pressures in the range of 170 bar. These are Subcritical power plants. The new generation of power plants operate at pressures higher than the critical pressure. These are Supercritical power plants. The operating pressures are in the range of 230 to 265 bar.
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle depends on the pressure at which it operates. Higher pressure and temperature increase the efficiency of the thermal cycle and power plant. This is the reason for operating at higher steam pressures.
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Comments
9. what is laser and its use in nuclear fusion?
10. what is plasma and its use in nuclear fusion?
11. what is cold fusion?
12. what are the three stages of india's nuclear power programme?
As for Japan and Germany, they can afford to do away with nuclear energy as their future power needs are lesser.. But eventually they also would not have any alternative option.. Any more views on this?
so, we have to optimise diverse energy basket.
http://indianpowersector.com/home/power-station/thermal-power-plant/
ps: not mechanical engrr, but electrical ,where we too have a course on power plants and have job experience related to power plants. so its impt. for me also.
As i recall it is used for making turbine blades corrosion and erosion free.
Although @Accelarator has put forth a nice explanation of supercritical boilers, however, let us look at the concept in detail.
To increase the efficiency of steam power plants the basic method is to improve the thermal efficiency by increasing the operating pressure. To understand what a Supercritical power plant is you have to understand the basics of steam generation.
What happens when you heat water at normal atmospheric pressure?
There are three stages.
As you go on heating the water, the temperature of water increases till it reaches 100 deg C. This is the Sensible Heat addition.
Further heating does not increase the temperature; instead small bubbles of steam start to form. The temperature remains constant at 100 deg C till all the water becomes steam. The water absorbs the heat without temperature change for conversion to steam. At atmospheric pressure the Latent Heat of vapourisation is 2256 kJ/kg.
Further heating called superheating will increase the temperature of the steam. How high one can go depends on the withstanding capacity of the vessel.
What happens when the water is at a higher pressure, say, at 100 bar? Then the boiling takes place at 311 deg C and the latent heat of vaporisation is 1318 kJ/kg.
If the water pressure is 200 bar then the boiling takes place at 366 deg C and the latent heat of vaporisation is 584 kJ/kg.
As the pressure increases the boiling temperature increases and the latent heat of vaporisation decreases.
A further increase in pressure and temperature leads us to a point at which the latent heat of vaporisation is zero, or there is no boiling. Water directly becomes steam. This is the Critical Pressure and the Critical Temperature. For steam this occurs at 374 deg C and 220.6 bar.
Conventional steam power plants operate at a steam pressures in the range of 170 bar. These are Subcritical power plants. The new generation of power plants operate at pressures higher than the critical pressure. These are Supercritical power plants. The operating pressures are in the range of 230 to 265 bar.
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle depends on the pressure at which it operates. Higher pressure and temperature increase the efficiency of the thermal cycle and power plant. This is the reason for operating at higher steam pressures.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/etc/faqs.html