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Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins manufactured by the body that help fight against foreign substances called antigens. When an antigen enters the body, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. (The immune system is the body's natural defense system.) The antibodies attach, or bind, themselves to the antigen and inactivate it.
Every healthy adult's body has small amounts of thousands of different antibodies. Each one is highly specialized to recognize just one kind of foreign substance. Antibody molecules are typically Y-shaped, with a binding site on each arm of the Y. The binding sites of each antibody, in turn, have a specific shape. Only antigens that match this shape will fit into them. The role of antibodies is to bind with antigens and inactivate them so that other bodily processes can take over, destroy, and remove the foreign substances from the body. Antigens are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurs when non-neutralising antiviral proteins facilitate virus entry into host cells, leading to increased infectivity in the cells -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allergen: A foreign substance that causes an allergic reaction in the body.
B cells: Cells produced in bone marrow that secrete antibodies.
Immune response: The production of antibodies in response to foreign substances in the body.
Immunity: The condition of being able to resist the effects of a particular disease.
Immunization: The process of making a person able to resist the effects of specific foreign antigens.
Inoculate: To introduce a foreign antigen into the body in order to stimulate the production of antibodies against it.
Monoclonal antibodies: Identical antibodies produced by cells cloned from a single cell. Proteins: Large molecules that are essential to the structure and functioning of all living cells. Vaccine: Preparation of a live weakened or killed microorganism of a particular disease administered to stimulate antibody production
This was really helpful!
My doubt: What is the difference between pluripotent, multipotent and totipotent?
Totipotent cells are the most versatile and can specialize into body cells or embryonic cells or cells of extraembryonic membrane (placenta).
Pluripotent cells have the ability to become any type of cell in the body (body cells).
Multipotent stem cells can develop into specific types of cells. For example, a blood stem cell (multipotent) can develop into a red blood cell, white blood cell or platelets.
The process by which the stem cell (of any kind) develops into a more specialized form is called differentiation.
Regarding the recent CBI case, SC said that the appointment of Justice Patnaik in a supervisory capacity should not be “understood to be casting any reflection on any authority of the Government of India”. What does it mean? Specially, what is meant by "casting any reflection" ? Any legal interpretation?
Regarding the recent CBI case, SC said that the appointment of Justice Patnaik in a supervisory capacity should not be “understood to be casting any reflection on any authority of the Government of India”. What does it mean? Specially, what is meant by "casting any reflection" ? Any legal interpretation?
I think the SC mean to say that this decision should not be considered as judicial overreach , and that it doesn't by any means want to impinge over authority of the executive
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Comments
- Totipotent cells are the most versatile and can specialize into body cells or embryonic cells or cells of extraembryonic membrane (placenta).
- Pluripotent cells have the ability to become any type of cell in the body (body cells).
- Multipotent stem cells can develop into specific types of cells. For example, a blood stem cell (multipotent) can develop into a red blood cell, white blood cell or platelets.
The process by which the stem cell (of any kind) develops into a more specialized form is called differentiation.