WORLD GEOGRAPHY:
NORTH, CENTRAL AMERICA AND GREENLAND:
North America. (Mountains. (Western Cordillera. (Coast range. (Alaska --> California. Includes Olympic mountain, Alexander archipelago, Queen Charlottee islands). Inner mt system. (Cascade ranges (British Columbia --> North California. Volcanic peaks Adam, Hood etc). Sierra Nevada ranges (Central California. Includes block mt and highland)). Western Plateau, basin and range region. (B/w Rockies and coast ranges. Colorado Plateau (Includes Colorado Canyon, Arizona), Yukon plateau (Includes great bear, great slave lakes), Fraser Plateau, Columbia snake plateau (Volcanic), Great basin of Nevada (Includes death valley, California)). Rocky mt. (Largest mt system. Alaska --> New Mexico. Includes Yukon range, Brooke range etc. Called Great Continental divide as they separate rivers flowing into Atlantic from Pacific. etc). Applachians. (Hercynian. Includes White mt, Green mt, Notre Dame etc and plateau like Allegheny and Cumberland. Fall line cities like Philadelphia)). Lakes. (Great lakes. (Glacial lakes, Lake Ontario connected to AO by St Lawrence seaway. Superior (largest, connected to Huron by Soo canals), Michigan (entirely in USA), Erie (South most, connected to Ontario by Welland canal), Lake Ontario (Smallest)). Line of lakes. (See map)). Plains. (Interior plains. (B/w Rocky and Applachian. Includes Prarie grassland k/a wheat belt and interior highlands (Ozark Quachita mt). Coastal plains. (Along Gulf of Mexico. Include Missippi delta). Laurentian/ Canadian shield. (Canada coast --> Bear/ Slave lake west)). Rivers. (Mississipi (2nd longest, commercial wateway, Missouri its tributary). Missouri. (Longest river). Rio Grande river. (Rocky mt --> Gulf of Mexico). St Lawrence. (2nd longest in Canda after Mackenzie. Called Mother of Canada)). Economic. (Iron. (Rocky, Applachians, Ozark Ouachita mt). Coal. (90% Applachians. Rocky). Oil and gas. (Mid continental region > Onshore and offshore area of Gulf of Mexico). Uranium. (Great bear lake. U city of Sasketchwan)).
Central America. (Mexico Plateau. (Archean. Inter montane plateau i.e, b/w Sierra Madre Occidental (part of Coast ranges) and Oriental (part of Rockies). East to west line of volcanoes called Transversal (includes Popocartepetal (active)). Tehuatepec isthmus. (Connects Mexico Plateau and Yucantan peninsula (Karst land form, Chaipas block mt in south)). Panama canal. (Chagres widened). Economic. (Oil and gas. (Tehuatepec). Silver. (Mexico plateau, world's largest deposit)). Greenland. (Archean. Separated from Canada. Rocky mt continue, Gunnbjorn peak)).
SOUTH AMERICA:
South America. (Mountains. (Andes mt. (Tertiary fold mt. Longest mt system. Venezuela --> Terra de Fuego. Volcanic peaks like Chimborazo, Cotopaxi (active) etc). Plateau. (Guinea highland. (Archean. Mt Roraima). Brazilian highland. (Archean. West of Parana called Mato Grasso plateau. Great escarpment along Atlantic coast). Altiplano/ Bolivian plateau. (Inter montane. Includes Lake Titica, world's highest navigable lake). Patagonia plateau/ desert. (Volcanic, inter montane desert). Deserts. (Attacama desert. (N Chile to S Peru along coast. On top of Andean plateau). Grasslands. (Llanos. (Tropical grassland. B/w Andes and Guinea highland. Orinocco basin). Granchaco region. (Tropical grassland. B/w Andes and Brazilian highland, synclinal valley hence marshy). Pampas. (Temperate grassland). Campos. (Temperate grassland)).
River. (Amazon. (Longest, volumest, navigable almost for entire length. Marajo riverine island). Amazon basin. (B/w Guinea and Brazilian highland. Largest river basin. World's largest expanse of tropical rain forest called Selvas). Rio de la plata basin. (Floodplain of Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay). Parana river. (2nd longest, born in Great escarpment, Paraguay longest tributary). Angel falls. (Churun river, Tepui mt). Cuquenan falls). Economics. (Iron. (Brazil (Carjas) and Guinea highlands)). Coal. (Patagonia plateau). Oil. (Orinocco basin i.e, Lake Maracaibo. Offshore Amazon delta). Uranium. (Brazilian and Guinea highland). Gold & Diamond. (Brazilian highland in Mato Graso). Copper. (Chuqicamata mine, Chile)).
Comments
Europe. (Mountains. (Alpine mt system. (Spain --> Caspean. Includes Cantbarian (Spain), Pyrenees (Spain France), Jura mt. (France), Vosages (France Germany border), Black forest (Hercynian. Germany), Sudetan mt. (Hercynian. North Czech Republic). Moravian mt. (Central Czech Republic). Bohemian forest (Central Czech republic), Carpenthians (Tatras mt along Poland Slovakia border are highest). Ardenees (North France & Belgium). Apennines (Italy, includes Mt Vesuvius). Penine (Hercynian. England). Pindus mt (Greece). Dinaric Alps (Croatia). Caucasus mt. (Black sea --> Caspean sea. Mt Elbrus. Asia Europe divide)). Plateau. (Mesata (Hercynian. Iberian), Central Massif (Hercynian. France), Lorraine plateau. (NE France. Includes Ardennes and Vosages), Swiss Plateau (B/w Jura and Alps), Bavarian Plateau (South Germany), Transylvanian Plateau (Romania). Aremium plateau)). Peninsula. (Iberian peninsula, Brittany Normandy (B/w English channel and Bay of Biscay). Jutland peninsula, Scandinavian (Includes Hardanger Plateau i.e, Europe's largest mainland plain and Jostedal glacier) and Balkan peninsula)).
Plains. (Great European plains. (Arctic Ocean --> Caucasus). Midland (Central England, part of Great European plain). Lombardy plains. (Italy. River Po longest in Italy)). Polders. (Netherland < MSL, reclaimed, desert climate. E.g, Ijesselmeer lake). Lakes. (Lake Geneva. (Glacial lake. France Switzerland. Largest fresh water lake of Western Europe). Lake Constance. (Glacial lake. Rhine flows)). Rivers. (Rhine. (Swiss Alps --> North sea. Chief commercial waterway. Moselle, Main, Ruhr tributaries). Danube. (2nd longest. Black forest --> Black sea). River Tiber. (Appenine mt --> Tyrrhenian sea, 2nd longest in Italy, main waterway). River Thames. (Longest in England, port London, --> North sea)). Economic. (Iron ore. (Sweden near Kiruna and Gallivare, Lorraine plateau. All other Alps mt). Uranium. (Czech Republic). Coal. (Ruhr Saar valley, Saxony, Saxony Anhalt state (Germany). Lorraine Plateau (France). Sambre Meuse basin (Franco Belgium). Silesian coal (Poland). Penine and Midland (UK). Pindus and Apennines mt). Oil and gas. (North sea shelf. Pyrenees and Caucasus)).
Russia. (Mountain. (Ural mt. (Hercynian. Mt Narodnaya peak. Asia Europe divide). Plains. (European plains. (Part of Great European plains. In south upto Caucasus mt and Caspean sea lowlands. Lake Ladoga (Europe's largest, --> Onega). Volga basin and Pechora basin rich in oil & gas). W Siberian plain. (Part of Volcanic Siberian plateau. Largest level tract of land)). Plateau. (Central Siberian plateau. (Part of volcanic Siberian Plateau. Includes plateau, mt, valley etc. E.g, Saiyan mt, Baikal mt and Altai mt. Lake Baikal. (Deepest, largest freshwater rift lake. River Angara)). E Siberian plateau. (Part of volcanic Siberian plateau. Chuckchi and Kamchatka peninsula (quake), Stonovoy & Verkhoyansk mt)). Islands. (Sakhalin island). Rivers. (Volga (Europe's longest, --> Caspean as Ural). Don (Black sea). Amur (border, --> near Sakhalin). Economic. (Iron. (Kuznetsk basin, Ural mt). Coal. (Kuznetsk basin, Kuzbas basin). Oil & Gas. (Volga basin, Pechora basin, Lena basin, Ob basin, Sakhalin islands offshore/ onshore area). Gold & Diamond. (Kolyma basin, Aldan basin)).
China. (Mountain (Look map). Plateau. (Tibet plateau. (Desert charecter. Lop Nor part of Tarim basin. Taklimakan desert. (Central Tarim basin. Has Tufan depression, lowest point of China)). Plains. (Manchuria plains. (East of Great Qinghan mt. Chang Bai mt in south). North China plains. (Hwang Ho, loess plain in north). Central China plans. (Yangze). South China plains. (Xi xiang)). Desert. (Gobi desert (intermount)). Rivers. (Hwang Ho. (Tibet plateau --> Gulf of Pohai, k/a Yellow river). Yangtze. (Tibet plateau --> SCS. Chief commercial water, port Shangai). Xi xiang. (Tibet plateau --> SCS, Hong Kong port). Economic. (Iron. (Shansi state, Mukden triangle and Hainan island). Coal. (Shansi Shensi state). Oil. (Yangzte basin)).
South West Asia. (Arbean peninsula. (Includes volcanic Arabean plateau (Rub al Khali. (World's largest sand deposit. N part called An Nafud, western part along Red sea called Hejaz and eastern part along Persian Gulf called Hasa)). Mountain. (Anti Lebanon mt). Plateau. (Antolian plateau (see map). Iran plateau. (Archean. B/w Elburz and Zagros. Deserts Dasht Lut and Dasht Kavir). Armeium plateau. (Azerbaijan, Armenia. B/w Casucasus mt and Eastern Turkey. Volcanic). Jadieo Gallean plateau. (Central and southern Isreal)). Desert. (Syrian desert. (Star shaped. An Nafud --> Syria). Negev desert. (South Isreal. Along Gulf of Aquba). Economics. (Iron (Elburz mt). Oil and gas. (2/3rd oil. Persian Gulf shelf. (Hasa (Saudi Arabia), Kuzestan region (Iran); Mosul, Kirkuk in north and Burgan in south(Iraq). Qatar NG)).
South Asia. (Mountains. (Hindukush mt. (Pamir knot - Tirich mt (Pak, highest section) - Zagros - Armenium knot). Suleiman and Kirthar ranges. (Suleiman - Kirthar - Makran Coast range - Zagros mt - Armenium knot). Chittagong ranges. (Part of Himalayas. Along Myanmmar border)). Plateau. (Central highlands Lanka. (Archean. Adam peak. Rich in iron and graphite). Afghanistan Plateau. (Part of Iran Plateau, Archean. Rich in iron ore). Baluchistan Plateau. (Part of Iran plateau, b/w Chagai hills and Makran. Desert charecter. Rich in oil and gas)). Valley. (Kathmandu valley. (Largest in Nepal b/w GH and LH, fertile lacustine soil. Rich in iron ore), Pokhara valley. (2nd largest in Nepal, fertile lacustine soil). Rivers. (Kabul. (Hindukush -- >Indus. City Kabul, Jalalabad etc. Kabul valley). Economic. (Iron. (Central highlands Lanka. Hajigak region, Afghanistan plateau. Kathmandu valley). Coal. (Chittagong ranges). Oil and gas. (Baluchistan plateau, Chittagong hills)).
Central Asia. (Mountains. (Pamir mt. (Tajikistan, Communism peak)). Desert. (Karakum desert. (Almost entire Turkmenistan. Formed by Amu Darya). Kazylkum desert. (N Uzbekistan and S Kazakistan, b/w Amu (Panj + Vaksh) and Syr Darya (Naryn tributary)). Lake. (Aral sea. (Saline lake. Both Amu and Syr Darya drain)). Economics. (Iron. (Pamir, Alai and Tien Shan mt). Coal. (Qaraganda, Kazakistan). Oil and gas. (Karakum and Kazylkum)). South East Asia. (Mountains. (Barisan mt. (Tertiary fold mt. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Phillipne etc). Arakan yoma mt. (Mt Victoria peak). Tenesserian mt. (Part of Himalaya, along Myanmmar Thailand border)). Plateaus. (See map). Shan plateau. (Archean, E Myanmmar). Siam/ Khorat. (Archean, N Thailand. Terminates in Tennessee mt west and Luang Prabang mt east). Laos plateau. (Archean, N Laos)). Islands. (Greater Sunde islands. (Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi). Lessr Sunde islands (6 islands including Bali, Lombok, Timor etc). Economic. (Iron. (Shan & Siam plateau). Oil and gas. (Java, Sumatra and Sarawak. Gulf of Martaban and Gulf of Thailand. Brunei offshore). Gold and diamond. (Kalimantan and Luzon, Phillipines). Tin (Kinta Kelang valley).
Oceania. (Divisions. (Melanesia (Mostly South of equator), Micronesia (Mostly North of equator, coral islands) and Polynesia (Lingual diversity, dependency)). Arctic Ocean. Features. (East Greenland current largest current, mid oceanic ridge etc)). Japan. (Island arc like Ryuku island arc. Islands. (Hokkaido. (Ishikari plains). Honshu. (Largest plains Honshu. Kwanto plain). Shikoku. (Mt, hills and plateaus). Ryuku. Economic. (Some iron. (Hokkaido and Honshu). Some coal. (Hokkaido). Some oil. (Sea of Japan offshore). Antarctica. Features. (Smallest, Archean continent. Ross ice shelf, Palmer longest peninsula). Mountains. (Trans Antarctica mt longest mountain, Vinson Massif of Ellsworth mt highest point. Mt Erebus, volcanic mt (South most point of Pacific Ring)). Economic. (Ross sea petroleum, prill fishing (protein), pyroclastic material has gold (Mt Erebus)).
Australia. (Mountain. (Great Dividing Range. (Tertiary fold mt. Cape York Peninsula --> Tasmania. Includes blue mt and Grampian mt. Mt Kousciousko peak (in Snowy mt). Murray, Darling, Murrumbidge rivers). Plateau. (Western plateau. (Archean. 2/3rd continent. Includes ranges (MacDonnell, Musgrave range and Darling) and deserts Great Victoria desert, Great Sandy desert and Gibson desert. Includes Kimberly plateau and Pilbara block (Karst land form, towards coast mangrove forest. Includes Arnhemland). Barkly tableland. (Karst land form)). Plains. (Murray Darling plains. (Includes Downs i.e, temperate grassland). Nullarbor plain. (Karst land form, desert climate). Great Artesian basin. (North coast --> Murray Darling plains. World's largest reserve of underground water. L. Eyre (lowest point)). Rivers. (Murray (longest permanent river, Darling its tributary)). Tasmania. (Part of GDR, separated in Quartenary period, Mt Ossa peak). Economic. (Iron. (Pilbara block at Tom Price and Goldsworthy). Coal. (New Castle, GDR). Oil and gas. (Bass strait). Uranium. (World's largest reserve, Arnhemland). Gold. (Kimberley plateau at Coolgardie, Kalgoorlie etc)).
New Zealand. (Separated from Australia in Mesozoic. Islands. (North and South island). Volcanic region. (South and central North Island. Volcanic peak like Mt Ruapehu. Hot springs). Mountains. (Southern Alps. (Fold mt in South island. Mt Cook, volcanic peak. Clutha, Waitaki etc rivers). Plains. (Canterbury plains. (South island. Largest plains and temperate grasslands. Drained by Clutha, Waitaki). Economics. (Iron. (Southern Alps). Coal. (Southern Alps). Southern Alps. Oil and gas. (Souther Alps and North Island).
Africa. (High Africa (E and S Africa), Low Africa (W and Central Africa). Mountains. (Atlas mt. (Longest chain. Morocco --> Tunisia. Divides Medd and Sahara. Includes Tall, Anti, Sahara, Grand, Middle Atlas etc. Mt Toubakal peak). Ahgghar mt. (Volcanic. Includes Air mt). Tibesti mt. (Volcanic. Emu Kossi). Ruwenzori mt. (Block mt, b/w lake Edward and Albert, Zaire Uganda border. Margherita peak). Drakensberg mt. (Volcanic. Cape province -->Transvaal. Ntlenyana)). Plateau. (Saharan Plateau. Ethiopian/ Abyssinian plateau. (Volcanic. East part called Harar plateau. Ras Dashen peak). Faulta Jallon Plateau. (Includes Nimba mt. Rivers Gambia and Senegal). Jos plateau. (Nigeria. Part of Faulta Jallon plateau). Admawa plateau. (Volcanic. Mt Cameroon mt)). Peaks. (Kilimajaro. (Extinct, highest peak, Tanzania). Mt Kenya (Extinct, 2nd highest)).
Basins. (Lake Chad basin. (Shallow). Zaire basin. (Fault basin, b/w Chad (N) and Kalahari (S) basin). Kalahari basin/ desert. (B/w coastal Nambia mt and High Veld (S Africa). Desert climate changes to steppe in east). Sudan basin. (White and Blue Nile. Include largest marshland called Sudd)). Desert. (Sahara desert. (World's largest. Occupies Sahara plateau. Nile basin biggest part. Quattara depression. (Eqypt). Sahel. (Along southern margin. B/w Sahara and Savana and AO --> Red sea. Originally, grassland changed into desert by intensive agriculture, overgrazing etc. Continues to expand). Namib desert. (Cold Benguela current. Skeleton coast in north). Kalahari desert. (In Kalahari basin. Okavango swamps and Makgadik basin)). Peninsula. (Sinai peninsula. (B/w Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba. Desert climate. Mt Jabal Katrina). Grassland. (High Veld. (Temperate grassland, because of height)).
Lakes. (Line of lakes. ARV. (Bifurcates near Turkana, merges at South Tanganyika lake. All lakes except Victoria its part. (Turkana/ Rudolf. (Mostly Kenya, partly Ethiopia). Tana. (Ethiopia. Birth to Blue Nile). Albert. (Zaire Uganda. Birth to Albert Nile which joins Victoria Nile). Edward. Lake Victoria. (2nd largest fw lake in world. Kenya and Uganda. Birth to Victoria Nile (2nd largest Nile source)). Tanganyika. (World's longest fw lake. 2nd deepest. Tanzania). Lake Malawi. (Also Nyasa. Malawi, Mozambique)). Artificial lakes. (Nasser. (Behind Aswan high dam on Nile). Volta. (World's largest artificial lake, behind Akasombo dam in Ghana)). Rivers. (Congo river. (2nd largest. Merger of Lualaba and Luvua). Nile. (2nd longest. Aswan dam. Blue Nile largest source). Niger. (3rd longest in Africa. Guinea highland --> Gulf of Guinea. Forms inland delata in Mali). Zambezi. (4th longest. Zambia - Zimbawae - Mozambiue - IO. Victoria/ Living stone falls at Zambia Zimbabwe border). Volta. (Mereger of White, Black, Red Volta. Akasomba dam --> Gulf of Guinea). Economics. (Iron. (Transvaal and Cape province, Tell Atlas). Coal. (Transvaal). Oil and Gas. (Gulf of Guinea shelf. Sudan basin, Chad basin, Sinai peninsula. Offshore Congo). Uranium. (Kalahari and Namib desert, Ahggar and Tibesti mt). Diamonds. (Kimerley region, Kalhari desert, Namib deset etc). Gold. (West Kimberly, South Africa). Phosphates. (Morroco Sahara (2/3 rd world reserves)).
*All the best for mains.